SEC. 308. INCREASE IN LIMIT ON COVER OVER OF RUM EXCISE TAX TO PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
(a) In General.–Paragraph (1) of section 7652(f) is amended by striking “January 1, 2008” and inserting “January 1, 2010”.
(b) Effective Date.–The amendment made by this section shall apply to distilled spirits brought into the United States after December 31, 2007.

This change extends the limit on taxation of rum from Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands to a maximum of $13.50 per gallon. Figuring that out was not an easy process, requiring looking from the bill’s amendments, to to the original text thereof, and finally to the internal revenue code being referenced.

References

*Ammendments to HR1424 - Division C, Title 3, Sec. 308, Page S10368
*26USC §7652f

First up, “change” and “hope”, adages of the Obama campaign that McCain and Palin have picked up in recent weeks:
* Biden (change|hope): 17
* Palin (change|hope): 25

Which presidential candidate got more mentions?
* Biden (John|McCain): 72
* Biden (Barack|Obama): 45
* Palin (John|McCain): 42
* Palin (Barack|Obama): 24

Palin’s state makes a lot of energy and high prices are on the mind of voters:
* Biden (energy): 9
* Palin (energy): 29

Both talked a lot about the war:
* Biden (war|iraq|afghanistan): 51
* Palin (war|iraq|afghanistan): 58

Palin cares about her family:
* Biden (family|child): 8
* Palin (family|child): 15

Biden said “clean coal” a couple of times to Palin’s one; they both mentioned “coal” in general more than that:
* Biden (coal): 7
* Palin (coal): 2

The economy was a talking point:
* Biden (economy): 4
* Palin (economy): 13

Only one of the candidates knows about deregulation of Wall Street in recent years:
* Biden (deregulation): 7
* Palin (deregulation): 0

Wall Street or Main Street?
* Biden (wall street): 3
* Biden (main street): 1
* Palin (wall street): 5
* Palin (main street): 2

Any suggestions?

See also:

• Most popular words
• Language Log
• Palin visualizations
• Biden visualizations

edit: added link from Karl; added IBM links

The album opens with my favorite track, Million Miles from Home which incorporates some speedy 808 beats, broken by slow and emotive sections and all with a melodic vocal loop. The track In My Dreams has a very IDM/drum and bass style to it and is topped off by vocals that are a bit more odd, but appropriate. In The Air, which is split into two disparate tracks, lends a somewhat trancey feel with it’s lower tempo and slower progression. The balance of the album, including Hand in Hand, Rainbow to the Stars and Around the World are almost Happy Hardcore anthems, save for their just-a-bit-too-slow tempos.

perl -MMP3::Splitter -e "mp3split('foo.mp3', {}, [20,25], [95,600], [950,INF])"

which creates three new MP3 files, 01_foo.mp3, 02_foo.mp3 and 03_foo.mp3. These can then be joined to create a new MP3:

cat 01_foo.mp3 > new.mp3
cat 02_foo.mp3 >> new.mp3
cat 03_foo.mp3 >> new.mp3

Which will leave you with new.mp3 that is a concatenation of the three pieces. Using cat to join them means the resulting file will probably have some artifacts at the join points but that’s not a problem for my use. If it is, you can use something like mp3join to properly join the files.

My first draft grabs the hour and minutes using capturing in a regex, then turns them both into positions on a twelve hour clockface. The clock location is passed to the function symbol which, through use of some nasty nested ternaries, what should be printed at the passed position on the clock face. (470 characters):

<> =~ /(\d+):(\d+)/;
$H = $1 % 12;
$M = ($2 - ($2 % 5)) / 5;
 
$;=' ';
 
$z = $;x8 . symbol(0) . $/;
$z .= $;x4 . symbol(11) . $;x7 . symbol(1) . $/.$/;
$z .= $; . symbol(10) . $;x13 . symbol(2) . $/.$/;
$z .= symbol(9) . $;x15 . symbol(3) . $/.$/;
$z .= $; . symbol(8) . $;x13 . symbol(4) . $/.$/;
$z .= $;x4 . symbol(7) . $;x7 . symbol(5) . $/;
$z .= $;x8 . symbol(6);
 
print $z;
 
sub symbol {
    $_ = shift;
    $H==$_ ? ($H==$M ? 'x' : 'h') : ($M==$_ ? 'm' : 'o');
}

Perl provides the automatic variables $` and $' (aka $PREMATCH and $POSTMATCH with use English) which are, unsurprisingly, the portions of a scalar before and after what your regex matched. I simplified the input regex by simply matching the colon and grabbing the hours & minutes from $` and $'. shorten subroutine name (398 characters):

<> =~ /:/;
$H = $` % 12;
$M = int $'/5;
 
$;=' ';
 
$z = $;x8 . sy(0) . $/; 
$z .= $;x4 . sy(11) . $;x7 . sy(1) . $/.$/;
$z .= $; . sy(10) . $;x13 . sy(2) . $/.$/;
$z .= sy(9) . $;x15 . sy(3) . $/.$/;
$z .= $; . sy(8) . $;x13 . sy(4) . $/.$/;
$z .= $;x4 . sy(7) . $;x7 . sy(5) . $/;
$z .= $;x8 . sy(6);
 
print $z;
 
sub sy {
    $_ = shift;
    $H==$_ ? ($H==$M ? 'x' : 'h') : ($M==$_ ? 'm' : 'o');
}

I spun off the drawing of most lines into a single function, which takes the number of preceding spaces, the leftmost hour mark on the line, the number of interstitial spaces and the final hour mark on the line (380 characters):

<> =~ /:/;
$H = $` % 12;
$M = int $'/5;
 
$;=' ';
 
$z = $;x8 . sy(0) . $/; 
$z .= li(4,11,7,1) . $/;
$z .= li(1,10,13,2) . $/;
$z .= li(0,9,15,3) . $/;
$z .= li(1,8,13,4) . $/;
$z .= li(4,7,7,5);
$z .= $;x8 . sy(6);
 
print $z;
 
sub li {
    $;x$_[0] . sy($_[1]) . $;x$_[2] . sy($_[3]) . $/;
}   
sub sy {
    $_ = shift;
    $H==$_ ? ($H==$M ? 'x' : 'h') : ($M==$_ ? 'm' : 'o');
}

Before getting totally mucked up (311 characters):

<> =~ /:/;
$H = $` % 12;
$M = int $'/5;
print ' 'x8 . sy(0) . $/ . li(4,11,7,1) . $/ . li(1,10,13,2) . $/ . li(0,9,15,3) . $/ . li(1,8,13,4) . $/ . li(4,7,7,5) . ' 'x8 . sy(6);
 
sub li {' 'x$_[0] . sy($_[1]) . ' 'x$_[2] . sy($_[3]) . $/;}
sub sy {$_ = shift; $H==$_ ? $H==$M ? 'x' : 'h' : $M==$_ ? 'm' : 'o';}

My final effort which is 244 characters when concatenated onto a single line:

<>=~/:/;
$H=$`%12;
$M=int $'/5;
sub li{' 'x$_[0].sy($_[1]).' 'x$_[2].sy($_[3]).$/}
sub sy{$_=shift;$H==$_?$H==$M?'x':'h':$M==$_?'m':'o'}
print ' 'x8 .sy(0).$/.li(4,11,7,1).$/.li(1,10,13,2).$/.li(0,9,15,3).$/.li(1,8,13,4).$/.li(4,7,7,5).' 'x8 .sy(6)

I gave this post a vague title because the control of federal lands, such as National Parks, National Memorials and National Forests, is a surprisingly complicated issue. Tracts controlled by the federal government arise from disparate processes and are controlled by a number of different agencies including the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and the United States Forest Service.

Agencies

National Park Service

The most well-known federal land management agency is the National Park Service, housed under the Department of the Interior. The NPS was created in 1916 to organize management of the fledgling system of parks that began with the designation of Yellowstone National Park in 1862.

Bureau of Land Management

Originally created in 1812 as the General Land Office under the Department of the Treasury the Bureau of Land Management became part of the Department of the Interior after merging with the United States Grazing Service. Unlike the National Park Service, the BLM does not exist as an agency purely to protect the lands that it controls; the BLM issues permits for grazing, logging and mineral collection on many of the lands that they control.

U.S. Forest Service

The United States Forest Service is responsible for the management of National Grasslands and National Forests, controlling access to grazing, logging and mineral collection on lands under their control in addition to allowing recreation on these lands.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is the caretaker of the country’s National Wildlife Refuges and National Fish Hatcheries.

Lands

National Park

Beginning with the creation of Yellowstone in 1862 by congress National Parks are areas created by the legislative branch as natural preserves for recreational use by citizens of the country. National Parks do not allow for logging, mineral extraction or any other exploitation of the land. These lands are generally the most visited areas controlled by the federal government, receive the most funding for improvements to support visitors to the park and the most legislative attention. National Parks are all manage under the National Park Service.

National Monument

As a DC native, the term National Monument evokes thoughts of man made symbol commemorating a person or event. In terms of U.S. public lands, however, a national monument is a tract set aside by executive order without the approval of Congress. The land for a national monument may be that which the federal government already controls or something that is given to the government by an individual or state. The presidential power to create such lands was granted by the Antiquities Act of 1906 signed by Theodore Roosevelt and first used to protect Devil’s Tower in Northeastern Wyoming. The intent of the act is to allow the president to afford protection to natural resources of the United States more quickly than an act of Congress is capable. National monuments are intended to be less expansive than national parks, generally protecting a single natural feature. Management of national monuments falls to either the National Park Service or the Bureau of Land Management.

National Memorial

Now this is what should make me think of the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials in Washington. National Memorials are protected areas established by the legislative branch to commemorate a historic person or event. Though most National Memorials are administered by the National Park Service, some, such as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial are overseen by another organization and considered an affiliated area of the NPS.

National Wilderness Area

A National Wilderness Area is defined within land that is already under federal control by the Wilderness Act of 1964 as an area in which commercial activities are forbidden and human activity is limited to non-motorized recreation and non-invasive activities such as scientific study. NWAs exist under the cooperative purview of all four land management agencies, the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

National Forest and Grassland

Managed by the Forest Service, a division of the Department of Agriculture, National Forests are unlike their protected brethren in that commercial exploitation of their resources is allowed with permits given for grazing, logging and mineral extraction. Lands administered by the Forest Service my also be licensed for commercial recreation such as ski resorts. National Forests are created by executive order as granted by the Land Revision Act of 1891 and National Grasslands by the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act.

National Recreation Area

Until 1963, National Recreation Areas were created by executive order but a change in policy means that all Areas designated thereafter are by legislative action. National Recreation Areas can be managed by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management or the U.S. Forest Service. NRAs are usually created to encourage water sports on lakes created by the damming of rivers.

National Wildlife Refuge

Originally defined by the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 a National Wildlife Refuges exist, unsurprisingly, as habitats for specific or groups of species. They are created by congressional legislation and administrated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

National Seashore

Usually controlled by the National Park Service, National Seashores are protected areas that are similar to both NRA’s and National Parks. Most of the areas contained within a National Seashore is available for recreation, often including vehicular offroading trails.

National Historical Park

National Historical Parks or National Historic Sites are historically significant structures or areas governed by the National Park Service. These areas were at one time declared by the Secretary of the Interior, but in modern times by acts of congress.

Parkway

Parkways are roads controlled by the National Park Service and are often scenic roads through federally controlled lands, such as Blue Ridge and Rock Creek parkways. Others, such as a significant portion of the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, are not maintained by the NPS but state and local agencies instead.

References

16 USC - Conservation
43 USC - Public Lands

In his first album, Port of Miami, Ross’ makes a number of references to his white on white BMW 745i such as this line from the hit single Hustlin’:

Who tha fuck you think ya fuckin with? I’m tha fuckin boss
745 white on white, thats fuckin Ross

To be sure, any BMW 7 series is a fine car, but the 745i is the base model of the line. Is Rick Ross a poor rapper? Not too fast, in the song White House, he mentions a Rolls Royce Phantom:

we in the white house
big phantom on the lawn getting wiped down

Is this song a fantasy about occupying the White House proper, or is it simply hyperbole about his mansion, with a nod to cocaine usage and trade? Given the previous mention of a 745i, I can only assume that the Phantom was but a fantasy for Rick Ross in 2006.

Times change. In 2008, Rick Ross released the album Trilla and it sounds like he’s had a significant upgrade. The song Luxury Tax, makes specific mention of a 760, the top of the line BMW 7 Series:

Got my whole arm rocked.
Keep the 760 double parked in the wrong spot.

The cover of the album also features the rapper in the back seat of a Maybach, the sole car from the eponymous ultra-luxury brand owned by Mercedes. The album also includes a song Maybach Music, Ross says that he has 20 whips, one of which is a Maserati.

Enter command substitution, a process by which you use the output from an executed command as the input to another. Many people have used this in a simple manner such as ls /usr/src/linux-`uname -r`which takes the output of uname -r, namely the kernel release you’re running, and uses that to flesh out the ls command. There is a more complicated form, however, that I use for diffing remote files. In the aforementioned example, I used the following command to diff the files:

vimdiff <(ssh stg1 cat /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd) <(ssh stg2 cat /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd)

Much like a subselect in MySQL, the cat commands are executed on the remote machine and then piped to vimdiff allowing for single command, no-file-copying diffs.

GSSAPIAuthentication yes
GSSAPIDelegateCredentials yes

The machines I was SSHing to don’t do GSSAPI, so every time I tried to connect my client had to wait a short timeout before trying other authentication methods. Since I don’t care about GSSAPI (few people use it), I simply set those options to no and now my SSH sessions start much more quickly.